Color vision depends on three types of cone cells in the eyes:

L cones are sensitive to longer (550 - 620 nm yellow-orange) wavelengths

M cones are sensitive to middle (520 - 570 yellow-green) wavelengths

S cones are sensitive to shorter (400 - 450 nm blue) wavelengths

The genes for L cones (OPN1LW) and M cones (OPN1MW) are on the X chromosome in the q28 region at approximately 154,144,243 base pairs to 154,159,032 base pairs for OPN1LW and 154,182,596 base pairs to 154,196,861 base pairs for OPN1MW. Most people have one copy of the OPN1LW gene and one or more copies of the very similar OPN1MW gene. The nearby locus control region regulates the expression of these genes – typically, only the nearest OPN1MW gene is active. In contrast, the OPN1SW gene is on chromosome 7 in the q32.1 region at approximately 128,772,485 base pairs to 128,775,794 base pairs. In summary, about 7% of men are color-blind while only 0.4% of women.

As opposed to cone cells, rod cells in the eye provide peripheral vision and some vision in low levels of light. There are usually about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells – in addition, rod cells are 500 to 1000 times more sensitive to light than cone cells. The RHO (short for rhodopsin) gene is located on chromosome 3 in the q22.1 region from approximately 129,528,639 base pairs to 129,535,344 base pairs.

see https://www.genengnews.com