The almost 500 BILLION US 
Dollars reflects not only 
catastrophic damage to the city 
of Istanbul as well as coastal 
portions of southern Black Sea 
and the eastern Aegean Sea, but 
also no ships travelling through 
the Dardanelles, Bosphorus and 
Sea of Marmara for at least six 
months. Besides being the 
planet's second busiest 
waterway surpassed only by the 
Malacca Straits, trade vital to 
twenty national economies must 
transit in both directions.